Robert Byrd

Robert C. Byrd
Official portrait of Senator Byrd, circa 2003.
United States Senator from West Virginia
In office January 3, 1959 – June 28, 2010 Serving with Jennings Randolph (1959-1985) Jay Rockefeller (1985-2010)
Preceded by	W. Chapman Revercomb
Succeeded by	Carte Goodwin
President pro tempore of the United States Senate
In office January 3, 1989 – January 3, 1995
Preceded by	John C. Stennis
Succeeded by	Strom Thurmond
In office January 3, 2001 – January 20, 2001
Preceded by	Strom Thurmond
Succeeded by	Strom Thurmond
In office June 6, 2001 – January 3, 2003
Preceded by	Strom Thurmond
Succeeded by	Ted Stevens
In office January 3, 2007 – June 28, 2010
Preceded by	Ted Stevens
Succeeded by	Daniel Inouye
13th and 16th United States Senate Majority Leader
In office January 3, 1977 – January 3, 1981
Deputy	Alan Cranston
Preceded by	Mike Mansfield (D)
Succeeded by	Howard Baker (R)
In office January 3, 1987 – January 3, 1989
Deputy	Alan Cranston
Preceded by	Bob Dole (R)
Succeeded by	George Mitchell (D)
16th United States Senate Minority Leader
In office January 3, 1981 – January 3, 1987
Deputy	Alan Cranston
Preceded by	Howard Baker (R)
Succeeded by	Bob Dole (R)
16th United States Senate Majority Whip
In office January 3, 1971 – January 3, 1977
Leader	Mike Mansfield (D)
Preceded by	Ted Kennedy (D)
Succeeded by	Alan Cranston (D)
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from West Virginia's 6th district
In office January 3, 1953 – January 3, 1959
Preceded by	E.H. Hedrick
Succeeded by	John M. Slack, Jr.
Chairman of the Senate Appropriations Committee
In office January 3, 1989 – January 3, 1995
Preceded by	John Stennis
Succeeded by	Mark Hatfield
In office January 3, 2001 – January 20, 2001
Preceded by	Ted Stevens
Succeeded by	Ted Stevens
In office June 6, 2001 – January 3, 2003
Preceded by	Ted Stevens
Succeeded by	Ted Stevens
In office January 3, 2007 – January 3, 2009
Preceded by	Thad Cochran
Succeeded by	Daniel Inouye
Born	November 20, 1917(1917-11-20) North Wilkesboro, North Carolina
Died	June 28, 2010(2010-06-28) (aged 92) Falls Church, Virginia
Political party	Democratic
Spouse(s)	Erma Ora Byrd (m. 1937–2006; her death)
Children	Mona Byrd Fatemi Marjorie Byrd Moore
Residence	Sophia, West Virginia
Alma mater	Marshall University American University – Washington College of Law
Profession	Politician, Attorney
Religion	American Baptist Church[1][2]
Signature
Website	U.S. Senator Robert C. Byrd

Robert Carlyle Byrd (born Cornelius Calvin Sale, Jr.; November 20, 1917 – June 28, 2010) was a United States Senator from West Virginia. A member of the Democratic Party, Byrd served as a Senator from 1959 to 2010 and was the longest-serving senator and the longest-serving member in the history of the United States Congress.^[3][4][5]

Initially elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1952, Byrd served there for six years before being elected to the Senate in 1958. He rose to become one of the most powerful members of the Senate, serving as secretary of the Senate Democratic Caucus from 1967 to 1971 and – after defeating his longtime colleague, Edward Kennedy – as Senate Majority Whip from 1971 to 1977. Byrd led the Democratic caucus as Senate Majority Leader from 1977 to 1981 and 1987 to 1989, and as Senate Minority Leader from 1981 to 1987. From 1989 to 2010 he served as the President pro tempore of the United States Senate when the Democratic Party had a majority, and as President pro tempore emeritus during periods of Republican majority beginning in 2001.^[6] As President pro tempore, he was third in the line of presidential succession, behind the Vice President and the Speaker of the House of Representatives. He also served as the Chairman of the United States Senate Committee on Appropriations from 1989 to 1995, 2001 to 2003, and 2007 to 2009, giving him extraordinary influence over federal spending.

Byrd's seniority and leadership of the Appropriations Committee enabled him to steer a great deal of federal money toward projects in West Virginia.^[7] Critics derided his efforts as pork spending^[8] designed simply to appeal to his own constituents. Over his career, he held a wide variety of both liberal and conservative political views, starting his career as a conservative Southern Democrat. He filibustered against the 1964 Civil Rights Act and supported the Vietnam War, but later backed civil rights measures and criticized the Iraq War. Rating his voting record in 1964, the liberal lobbying group Americans for Democratic Action found that his views and the organization’s were aligned only 16 percent of the time, less than even conservative Republicans of the era; by 2005, he had an ADA rating of 95 percent. Conversely, the American Conservative Union rated Byrd a conservative in its first ratings in 1972.

Background

Byrd was born Cornelius Calvin Sale, Jr.^[9] in North Wilkesboro, North Carolina, on November 20, 1917.^[6] When he was one year old, his mother, Ada Mae (née Kirby), died in the 1918 Flu Pandemic. In accordance with his mother's wishes, his father, Cornelius Calvin Sale,^[9] dispersed the family children among relatives. Titus and Vlurma Byrd, the infant's uncle and aunt, were given custody, adopted him, renamed him Robert Carlyle Byrd, and raised him in the coal-mining region of southern West Virginia.^[5][10][11]

Byrd was valedictorian of Mark Twain High School^[12] and, in 1937, he married his high-school sweetheart, Erma Ora James (June 12, 1917 – March 25, 2006). Both were 19 years old.^[13] Byrd eventually attended Beckley College, Concord College, Morris Harvey College, and Marshall University, all in West Virginia.^[6]

Family

Byrd's wife, Erma Ora James, was born 12 June 1917,^[14] in Floyd County, Virginia, to Fred James, a coal miner, and Mary James.^[13] She had one sister, Beulah Minton. At an early age, she relocated to Raleigh County, West Virginia with her family. There she met Robert Byrd while attending Mark Twain School.

On May 29, 1937, she married Byrd when both were 19 years old.^[13] Only their parents attended the small ceremony at the home of Reverend U.G. Nichols.

Beginning in 1958, Erma Byrd was a member of the Senate Wives' Club and was involved in Senate Wives' Red Cross projects.^[13] In 1990, she was selected as Daughter of the Year by the West Virginia Society of Washington, D.C. She was later awarded a degree from Alderson–Broaddus College in 1991, and in 1994, Marshall University initiated the Erma Byrd Scholars Program. This recognition was followed by the Loyalty Permanent Endowment Fund of the West Virginia University Alumni Association, which established the Erma Ora Byrd Scholarship.

Byrd's mother, Ada Mae Kirby

In October 1997, the Erma Byrd Garden at the Graceland Mansion at Davis and Elkins College was dedicated. Erma Byrd received her Bachelor of Arts degree from Wheeling Jesuit University soon after, which was followed by the dedication of the Erma Ora Byrd Center for Educational Technologies on the campus.^[13]

In May 1999, she was named Mother of the Year by the Thunder of the Tygart Foundation at the birthplace of Anna Jarvis, the surmised founder of Mother's Day. In the same month, Erma Byrd received the Graduate of Distinction Award from the Education Alliance in Charleston, West Virginia. In January 2004, the Erma Byrd Gallery at the University of Charleston opened.^[13]

Sen. Byrd, his wife, Erma, and dog, Trouble.

On March 25, 2006, Erma Byrd died at age 88 after battling a lengthy illness.^[13] Robert Byrd dedicated several buildings in honor of his wife, including the Erma Ora Byrd Hall nursing building at Shepherd University (June 2007),^[15] and the West Virginia University Erma Byrd Biomedical Research Center (September 2008).^[16]

The Byrds had two children, Mona Byrd Fatemi and Marjorie Byrd Moore; two sons-in-law, Mohammad Fatemi and Jon Moore; five living grandchildren, Erik Byrd Fatemi, Mona Byrd Moore Pearson, Darius Fatemi, Mary Anne Moore Clarkson, Fredrik Fatemi, and Jon Michael Moore (deceased); and seven great-grandchildren, Caroline Byrd Fatemi, Emma James Clarkson, Kathryn James Fatemi, Hannah Byrd Clarkson, Michael Yoo Fatemi, Anna Cristina Fatemi, and James Matthew Fatemi.^[6]

Ku Klux Klan

In the early 1940s, Byrd recruited 150 of his friends and associates to create a new chapter of the Ku Klux Klan.^[10]

According to Byrd, a Klan official told him, "You have a talent for leadership, Bob ... The country needs young men like you in the leadership of the nation." Byrd later recalled, "suddenly lights flashed in my mind! Someone important had recognized my abilities! I was only 23 or 24 years old, and the thought of a political career had never really hit me. But strike me that night, it did."^[10] Byrd held the titles Kleagle (recruiter) and Exalted Cyclops.^[10] When it came time to elect the "Exalted Cyclops," the top officer in the local Klan unit, Byrd won unanimously.^[10]

In 1944, Byrd wrote to segregationist Mississippi Senator Theodore Bilbo:^[17]

In 1946 or 1947 Byrd wrote a letter to a Grand Wizard stating, "The Klan is needed today as never before, and I am anxious to see its rebirth here in West Virginia and in every state in the nation.".^[19] However, when running for the United States House of Representatives in 1952, he announced "After about a year, I became disinterested, quit paying my dues, and dropped my membership in the organization. During the nine years that have followed, I have never been interested in the Klan." He said he had joined the Klan because he felt it offered excitement and was anti-communist.^[10]

In 1997, Byrd told an interviewer he would encourage young people to become involved in politics but also: "Be sure you avoid the Ku Klux Klan. Don't get that albatross around your neck. Once you've made that mistake, you inhibit your operations in the political arena."^[20] In his last autobiography, Byrd explained that he was a KKK member because he "was sorely afflicted with tunnel vision — a jejune and immature outlook — seeing only what I wanted to see because I thought the Klan could provide an outlet for my talents and ambitions."^[21] Byrd also said, in 2005,

At Byrd's memorial service, former President Bill Clinton excused Byrd's early association with the KKK:

Early political career

Byrd worked as a gas-station attendant, a grocery-store clerk, a shipyard welder during World War II, and a butcher, before he won a seat in the West Virginia House of Delegates in 1946, representing Raleigh County from 1947 to 1950.^[6] In 1950, he was elected to the West Virginia Senate, where he served from 1951 to 1952.^[6] After being elected to the United States House of Representatives, he began night classes at American University's Washington College of Law in 1953 but did not receive his law degree from the university until a decade later,^[6] by which time he was a U.S. Senator. President John F. Kennedy spoke at the commencement ceremony in June 1963 and mentioned Byrd by name. Byrd also studied at The George Washington University Law School but did not receive an undergraduate degree until 1994, when he graduated from Marshall University.^[5]

In 1951, then–State Delegate Robert Byrd was among the official witnesses of the execution of Harry Burdette and Fred Painter, which was the first use of the electric chair in West Virginia.^[23] In 1965 the state abolished capital punishment, with the last execution having occurred in 1959.

Congressional service

In 1952, Byrd was elected as a member of the United States House of Representatives for West Virginia's 6th Congressional District,^[6] succeeding E. H. Hedrick, who retired to run for Governor of West Virginia. Byrd was re-elected to the House twice and served in the body from January 3, 1953, to 1959.^[6] Byrd defeated Republican incumbent W. Chapman Revercomb for the United States Senate in 1958. Revercomb's record supporting civil rights had become an issue, playing in Byrd's favor.^[6] Byrd was re-elected to the Senate eight times. He was West Virginia's junior senator for his first four terms; his colleague from 1959 to 1985 was Jennings Randolph, who had been elected on the same day as Byrd's first election in a special election to fill the seat of the late Senator Matthew Neely.

While Byrd faced some vigorous Republican opposition in his career, his last serious electoral opposition occurred in 1982 when he was challenged by freshman congressman Cleve Benedict. Despite his tremendous popularity in the state, Byrd ran unopposed only once, in 1976. On two other occasions – in 1994 and 2000 – he won all 55 of West Virginia's counties. In his re-election bid in 2000, he won all but seven of West Virginia's precincts. Shelley Moore Capito, a Congresswoman and the daughter of Byrd's longtime foe, former governor Arch Moore, Jr., briefly considered a challenge to Byrd in 2006 but decided against it.

In the 1960 Democratic presidential election primaries, Byrd – a close Senate ally of Lyndon B. Johnson – endorsed and campaigned for Hubert Humphrey over front-runner John F. Kennedy in the crucial West Virginia primary.^[24] However, Kennedy won the state's primary and,^[25] eventually, the general election.

Public service longevity record

An earlier portrait of Robert Byrd

Byrd was elected to an unprecedented ninth consecutive full Senate term on November 7, 2006. He became the longest-serving senator in American history on June 12, 2006, surpassing Strom Thurmond of South Carolina with 17,327 days of service.^[3] On November 18, 2009, Byrd became the longest-serving member in congressional history, with 56 years, 320 days of combined service in the House and Senate, passing Carl Hayden, an Arizona politician.^[4][5] Previously, Byrd had held the record for the longest unbroken tenure in the Senate (Thurmond resigned during his first term and was re-elected seven months later). Including his tenure as a state legislator from 1947 to 1953, Byrd's service on the political front exceeded 60 continuous years. Byrd, who never lost an election, cast his 18,000th vote on June 21, 2007, the most of any senator in history.^[5][26]

Upon the death of former Senator George Smathers of Florida, on January 20, 2007, Byrd became the last living United States Senator from the 1950s.^[27]

Byrd was the last surviving senator to have voted on a bill granting statehood to a U.S. territory. At the time of Byrd's death, fourteen sitting or former members of the Senate had not been born when Byrd's tenure in the Senate began: incumbents Bob Casey, Jr.; Amy Klobuchar; Blanche Lincoln; John Thune; David Vitter; Mark Pryor; Mark Begich; Michael Bennet; Kirsten Gillibrand; George LeMieux and Scott Brown; and former senators John E. Sununu, Peter Fitzgerald, and President Barack Obama.

Committee assignments

• Committee on Appropriations
  • Subcommittee on Defense
  • Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development
  • Subcommittee on Homeland Security (Chairman)
  • Subcommittee on Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies
  • Subcommittee on Military Construction and Veterans Affairs
  • Subcommittee on Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies
• Committee on Armed Services
  • Subcommittee on Emerging Threats and Capabilities
  • Subcommittee on Readiness and Management Support
  • Subcommittee on Strategic Forces
• Committee on the Budget
• Committee on Rules and Administration

Filibuster of the Civil Rights Act of 1964

Majority Whip Byrd meeting with President Gerald Ford

Byrd joined with other Southern and border-state Democrats to filibuster the Civil Rights Act of 1964,^[28] personally filibustering the bill for 14 hours, a move he later said he regretted.^[29] Despite an 83-day filibuster in the Senate, both parties in Congress voted overwhelmingly in favor of the Act, and President Johnson signed the bill into law.^[30] Byrd also opposed the Voting Rights Act of 1965 but voted for the Civil Rights Act of 1968. In 2005, Byrd told The Washington Post that his membership in the Baptist church led to a change in his views. In the opinion of one reviewer, Byrd, like other Southern and border-state Democrats, came to realize that he would have to temper "his blatantly segregationist views" and move to the Democratic Party mainstream if he wanted to play a role nationally.^[10]

Because of his opposition to desegregation, Byrd was a member of the wing of the Democratic Party that opposed desegregation and civil rights imposed by the federal government. However, despite his early career in the KKK, Byrd was linked to such senators as John C. Stennis, J. William Fulbright and George Smathers, who based their segregationist positions on their view of states' rights in contrast to senators like James Eastland, who held a reputation as a committed racist.

Leadership roles

Drawer of the Senate desk used by Democratic leaders, including Byrd

Byrd was a member of the Senate Democratic leadership starting in 1967 when he was elected as secretary of the Senate Democratic Conference from 1967 to 1971.^[6] He became majority whip, or the second highest-ranking Democrat, for six years beginning in 1971.^[6] From 1977 to 1989 Byrd was the leader of the Senate Democrats, serving as majority leader from 1977 to 1981 and 1987 to 1989, and as minority leader from 1981 to 1987.^[6]

In 1976, Byrd was the "favorite son" candidate in West Virginia's primary. His easy victory gave him control of the delegation to the national convention. Byrd had the inside track as majority whip but focused most of his time on campaigning for the office of majority leader, more so than for re-election to the Senate, as he was virtually unopposed for his fourth term. By the time the vote for majority leader came, he had it so secure that his lone rival, Minnesota's Hubert Humphrey, withdrew before the balloting took place.

President pro tempore Byrd and House Speaker Dennis Hastert presided over a special joint session following the September 11, 2001, attacks. Here President Bush shakes hands with Byrd.

Byrd was well known for steering federal dollars to West Virginia, one of the country's poorest states. He was called the "King of Pork" by Citizens Against Government Waste.^[31] After becoming chair of the Appropriations Committee in 1989, Byrd sought to steer, over time, a total of $1 billion for public works in the state. He passed that mark in 1991, and the steady stream of funds for highways, dams, educational institutions and federal agency offices continued unabated over the course of his membership. More than 30 pending or existing federal projects bear Byrd's name. He commented on his reputation for attaining funds for projects in West Virginia in August 2006, when he called himself "Big Daddy" at the dedication for the Robert C. Byrd Biotechnology Science Center.^[32] Examples of this ability to attain funds and projects for his state include the Federal Bureau of Investigation's repository for computerized fingerprint records as well as several United States Coast Guard computing and office facilities.^[33]

Byrd also was known for using his knowledge of parliamentary procedure. Before the "Reagan Revolution", Byrd frustrated Republicans with his encyclopedic knowledge of the inner workings of the Senate. From 1977 to 1979 he was described as "performing a procedural tap dance around the minority, outmaneuvering Republicans with his mastery of the Senate's arcane rules."^[34] In 1988, while majority leader, he moved a call of the Senate, which was adopted by the majority present, in order to have the Sergeant-at-Arms arrest members not in attendance. One member (Robert Packwood, R-Oregon) was escorted back to the chamber by the Sergeant-at-Arms in order to obtain a quorum.^[35]

As the longest-serving Democratic senator, Byrd served as President pro tempore four times when his party was in the majority:^[6] from 1989 until the Republicans won control of the Senate in 1995; for 17 days in early 2001, when the Senate was evenly split between parties and outgoing Vice President Al Gore broke the tie in favor of the Democrats; when the Democrats regained the majority in June 2001 after Senator Jim Jeffords of Vermont left the Republican Party to become an independent; and again from 2007 to his death in 2010, as a result of the 2006 Senate elections. In this capacity, Byrd was third in the line of presidential succession at the time of his death, behind Vice President Joe Biden and House Speaker Nancy Pelosi.

Scholarships and TAH History Grants

In 1969, Byrd launched a Scholastic Recognition Award; he also began to present a savings bond to valedictorians from high schools – public and private – in West Virginia. In 1985 Congress approved the nation's only merit-based scholarship program funded through the U.S. Department of Education, a program which Congress later named in Byrd's honor. The Robert C. Byrd Honors Scholarship Program initially comprised a one-year, $1,500 award to students with "outstanding academic achievement" and who had been accepted for enrollment at an institution of higher learning. From 1993 onward, the program began providing four-year scholarships; students who received the first-year scholarship then could apply for stipends for the next three years.^[12]

In 2002 Byrd secured unanimous approval for a major national initiative to strengthen the teaching of "traditional American history" in the K-12 public schools.^[36] The Department of Education awards in competition $50 to $120 million a year to school districts (in sums of about $500,000 to $1 million). The money goes to teacher training programs – operated in conjunction with universities or museums – that are geared to improving the content skills of history teachers. Referred to as a "TAH Grant," these awards come under the "Learning the Lessons of American History" initiative to strengthen and improve the teaching of American history in the schools.^[37]

Senate historian

Byrd and Dr. Richard Baker, a Senate historian

Television cameras were first introduced to the House of Representatives on March 19, 1979, with the launch of C-SPAN. Fearing that Americans only saw the Congress as the House of Representatives, Byrd believed that Senate proceedings should be televised to prevent the Senate from becoming the "invisible branch" of government. Thanks in part to Byrd's efforts, cameras came to the Senate floor in June 1986.

To help introduce the public to the inner workings of the legislative process, Byrd launched a series of a hundred Senate floor speeches based on his examination of the Roman Republic and the intent of the Framers. Byrd published a four-volume series on Senate history: The Senate: 1789–1989: Addresses on the History of the Senate (Government Printing Office, 1989–94). The first volume of his series won the Henry Adams Prize of the Society for History in the Federal Government as "an outstanding contribution to research in the history of the Federal Government." He also published The Senate of the Roman Republic: Addresses on the History of Roman Constitutionalism (Government Printing Office, 1995).

In 2004, Byrd received the American Historical Association's first Theodore Roosevelt-Woodrow Wilson Award for Civil Service; in 2007, Byrd received the Friend of History Award from the Organization of American Historians. Both awards honor individuals outside the academy who have made a significant contribution to history.

Final-term Senate highlights

On July 19, 2007, Byrd, a self-described dog lover, gave a 25-minute passionate speech in the Senate against dog fighting, in response to the indictment of football player Michael Vick. Byrd called dog fighting a "brutal, sadistic event motivated by barbarism of the worst sort and cruelty of the worst, worst, worst sadistic kind. One is left wondering: 'Who are the real animals: the creatures inside the ring, or the creatures outside the ring?'"^[38] In recognition of the speech, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals named Byrd their 2007 Person of the Year.^[39]

For 2007, Byrd was deemed the fourteenth-most powerful senator, as well as the twelfth-most powerful Democratic senator.^[40]

Byrd with farmers from West Virginia

On May 19, 2008, Byrd released a statement endorsing Barack Obama (D-Illinois) for President of the United States. One week after the West Virginia Democratic Primary, in which Hillary Clinton defeated Obama by 41.32 percent,^[41] Byrd said, "Barack Obama is a noble-hearted patriot and humble Christian, and he has my full faith and support."^[42] In a written statement, Byrd stated Obama was "a shining young statesman, who possesses the personal temperament and courage necessary to extricate our country from this costly misadventure in Iraq." When asked in October 2008 about the possibility that the issue of race would influence West Virginia voters, as Obama is an African-American, Byrd replied, "Those days are gone. Gone!"^[43] Later, Democratic presidential nominee Obama lost West Virginia (by 13 percent) but won the November 2008 presidential election.

On January 26, 2009, Byrd was one of only three Democrats to vote against the confirmation of Timothy Geithner to be United States Secretary of the Treasury (along with Russ Feingold of Wisconsin and Tom Harkin of Iowa).^[44]

On February 26, 2009, Byrd was one of only two Democrats to vote against the District of Columbia House Voting Rights Act of 2009, which would provide a voting seat in the United States House of Representatives for the District of Columbia and add a seat for Utah (fellow Democrat Max Baucus of Montana also cast a "nay" vote). The bill passed 61–37, with one senator not voting.^[45]

Although his health was poor, Byrd was present for all of the crucial votes during the Senate's December 2009 healthcare debate; his vote was necessary so Democrats could obtain cloture to break a Republican filibuster. At the final vote on December 24, 2009, Byrd referenced Ted Kennedy, a devoted proponent of healthcare reform who died earlier in that year, when casting his vote: "Mr. President, this is for my friend Ted Kennedy! Aye!"^[46]

Political views

Voting record

Senate Majority Leader Robert Byrd

On occasion, Byrd disagreed with President Bill Clinton's policies. Byrd initially said that the impeachment proceedings against Clinton should be taken seriously and conducted completely. Although he harshly criticized any attempt to make light of it, he made the motion to dismiss the charges against the president and effectively suspend proceedings. Even though he voted against both articles of impeachment, he was the sole Democrat to vote for the censure of Clinton.^[47] He strongly opposed Clinton's 1993 efforts to allow gays to serve in the military and supported efforts to limit gay marriage. In 1996, before the passage of the Defense of Marriage Act, he said The drive for same-sex marriage is, in effect, an effort to make a sneak attack on society by encoding this aberrant behavior in legal form before society itself has decided it should be legal ... Let us defend the oldest institution, the institution of marriage between male and female as set forth in the Holy Bible..^[48]

However, he opposed the Federal Marriage Amendment, arguing that it was unnecessary because the states already had the power to ban gay marriages.^[49] However, when the amendment came to the Senate floor he was one of the two Democratic senators who voted in favor of the cloture motion.^[50]

He also voiced praise for George W. Bush's nomination of Judge John Roberts to fill the vacancy on the Supreme Court created by the death of Chief Justice William Rehnquist. Likewise, Byrd supported the confirmation of Samuel Alito to replace retiring Associate Justice Sandra Day O'Connor. Like most Democrats, however, Byrd opposed Bush's tax cuts and his proposals to change the Social Security program. He was pro-choice and voted against the first ban on partial birth abortions in 1995, but voted for the bill on subsequent occasions. Byrd voted against Laci and Conner's Law, which strongly divided the supporters and opponents of legal abortion.

Byrd was opposed to the Flag Desecration Amendment, saying that, while he wanted to protect the American flag, he believed that amending the Constitution "is not the most expeditious way to protect this revered symbol of our Republic." In response to the amendment, Byrd cosponsored S. 1370, a bill that prohibits destruction or desecration of the flag by anyone trying to incite violence or causing a breach of the peace. It also provides that anyone who steals, damages, or destroys a flag on federal property – whether a flag owned by the federal government or a private group or individual – can be imprisoned for up to two years, or can be fined up to $250,000, or both.^[51]

In 2003, Byrd voted for the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act, which prohibits a form of late-term abortion known as partial-birth abortion.^[52]

In 2004, Byrd offered an amendment that sought to limit the number of personnel in Plan Colombia, but it was defeated in the Senate.^[53]

Byrd received a 65-percent vote rating from the League of Conservation Voters for his support of environmentally friendly legislation.^[54] Additionally, he received a "liberal" rating of 65.5 percent by the National Journal—higher than six other Democratic senators.^[55]

In 2006, Byrd received a 67-percent rating from the American Civil Liberties Union for supporting rights-related legislation.^[56]

In 2009, Byrd was one of three Democrats to oppose the confirmation of Secretary of the Treasury Timothy Geithner. Geithner was confirmed 60–34.^[57] After missing nearly two months of votes due to being hospitalized, Byrd returned to the Senate floor on July 21 to vote against the elimination of funding for the F-22 fighter plane.^[58]

Race and race relations

Portrait of Byrd as Majority Leader

In a March 4, 2001, interview with Tony Snow, Byrd said of race relations:

Byrd's use of the term "white nigger" created immediate controversy. When asked about it, Byrd responded,

Byrd explicitly renounced his earlier views on racial segregation.^[60][61] Byrd had said that he regretted filibustering and voting against the Civil Rights Act of 1964^[28] and would change it if he had the opportunity. He stated that joining the KKK was "the greatest mistake I ever made."^[60] Byrd also said that his views changed dramatically after his teenage grandson was killed in a 1982 traffic accident, which put him in a deep emotional valley. "The death of my grandson caused me to stop and think," said Byrd, adding he came to realize that black people love their children as much as he does his.^[62]

Byrd was the only senator to have voted against the nominations of both Thurgood Marshall and Clarence Thomas to the United States Supreme Court, the only two African-Americans to have been nominated to the court. In the former instance, Byrd asked FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover to look into what Byrd believed to be the possibility that Marshall had either connections to communists or had a communist past.^[63] In the latter instance, Byrd stated that he was offended by Thomas' use of the phrase "high-tech lynching of uppity blacks" in his defense and that he was "offended by the injection of racism" into the hearing. He called Thomas's comments a "diversionary tactic", and said "I thought we were past that stage." Regarding Anita Hill's sexual harassment charges against Thomas, Byrd believed Hill.^[64] Byrd joined 45 other Democrats in their opposition to Thomas.^[65]

In the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People's (NAACP)^[66] Congressional Report Card for the 108th Congress (spanning the 2003–2004 congressional session), Byrd was awarded with an approval rating of 100 percent for favoring the NAACP's position in all 33 bills presented to the United States Senate regarding issues of their concern. Only 16 other senators received that approval rating in the session. In June 2005, Byrd proposed an additional $10 million in federal funding for the Martin Luther King, Jr. National Memorial in Washington, D.C., remarking that "With the passage of time, we have come to learn that his Dream was the American Dream, and few ever expressed it more eloquently."^[67]

War in Iraq

Byrd with Secretary of Defense-designate Robert Gates, November 30, 2006

Byrd with then-Lieutenant General David Petraeus, January 23, 2007

In the 107th Congress, Byrd suffered some legislative setbacks, particularly with respect to debates on homeland security. Byrd opposed the 2002 law creating the Department of Homeland Security, saying it ceded too much authority to the executive branch. He led a filibuster against the resolution granting President George W. Bush broad power to wage a "preemptive" war against Iraq, but he could not get a majority of his own party to vote against cloture and against the resolution.^[68] He also led the opposition to Bush's bid to win back the power to negotiate trade deals that Congress cannot amend, but lost overwhelmingly. In the 108th Congress, however, Byrd won his party's top seat on the new Homeland Security Appropriations Subcommittee.

Byrd was one of the Senate's most outspoken critics of the 2003 invasion of Iraq. He appeared on March 7, 2003, on CNN's Larry King Live to discuss his U.S. Senate floor speeches against the Iraq War Resolution in 2002.

In a speech on March 13 he stated,

On March 19, 2003, when Bush ordered the invasion after receiving U.S. Congress approval, Byrd said,

Byrd also criticized Bush for his speech declaring the "end of major combat operations" in Iraq, which Bush made on the U.S.S. Abraham Lincoln. Byrd stated on the Senate floor,

On October 17, 2003, Byrd delivered a speech expressing his concerns about the future of the nation and his unequivocal antipathy to Bush's policies. Referencing the Hans Christian Andersen children's tale The Emperor's New Clothes, Byrd said of the president: "the emperor has no clothes." Byrd further lamented the "sheep-like" behavior of the "cowed Members of this Senate" and called on them to oppose the continuation of a "war based on falsehoods."

Byrd accused the Bush administration of stifling dissent:

In July 2004, Byrd released the book Losing America: Confronting a Reckless and Arrogant Presidency about the Bush presidency and the war in Iraq.

Of the more than 17,000 votes he cast as a senator, Byrd said he was proudest of his vote against the Iraq war resolution.^[72] Byrd also voted to tie a timetable for troop withdrawal to war funding.

Gang of 14

On May 23, 2005, Byrd was one of 14 senators (who became known as the "Gang of 14") to forge a compromise on the use of the judicial filibuster, thus securing up and down votes for the judicial nominees and ending the threat of the so-called nuclear option. Under the agreement, the senators would retain the power to filibuster a judicial nominee in only an "extraordinary circumstance." It ensured that the appellate court nominees (Janice Rogers Brown, Priscilla Owen and William Pryor) would receive a vote by the full Senate.

Electoral history

The Democratic Party started life as the States Rights, constitutionalist party of southern whites while the GOP was the party of progressive taxation, a strong central government, African-Americans and the northeast. Conservatives of the Civil War Era were Democrats; radicals were Republicans. The Democratic Party evolved over time – its northeastern wing gaining prominence over its southern during the period 1932-1980 – largely over civil rights and the move leftward by the national party.

Like the nature of southern democrats fighting to stay relevant in the national Party while their voters trended GOP, Mr. Byrd’s perspective on the world changed over the years. He filibustered against the 1964 Civil Rights Act and supported the Vietnam War only to come to back civil rights measures and criticize the Iraq war. Rating his voting record in 1964, Americans for Democratic Action, the liberal lobbying group, found that his views and the organization’s were aligned only 16 percent of the time. In 2005, he got an A.D.A. rating of 95. Conversely, the American Conservative Union, in its first ratings back in 1972 gave Byrd a Conservative rating – more so than most Republicans.

Health issues and death

On February 26, 2008, Byrd was admitted to Walter Reed Army Medical Center for observation following a fall at his home the day before. Byrd attended Senate sessions on that day, but complained of pain and his aides asked him to see the Capitol physician before he went to the hospital.^[73] Byrd stayed in the hospital for four days; no broken bones were found. On March 5, he was readmitted because of his reactions to antibiotics and the need for tests to determine a different course of medication, a statement from his office said.^[74] Byrd was admitted to the hospital again on June 2, 2008.^[75] He recuperated at home and by June 18 had returned to chairing his committee.^[76]

On January 20, 2009, Senator Ted Kennedy suffered a seizure during Barack Obama's inaugural luncheon and was taken away in an ambulance.^[77] Byrd, seated at the same table, grew emotional over his colleague's continuing seizures and was himself removed to his office.^[78] Byrd's office reported that he was fine.^[79] On May 18 of that year, Byrd was admitted to the hospital after experiencing a fever due to a "minor infection."^[80] His stay at the hospital was prolonged due to a staphylococcal infection.^[81] Byrd was released on June 30, 2009.^[82]

On June 27, 2010, Byrd became ill and was admitted to Inova Fairfax Hospital in Fairfax County, Virginia, for what was assumed to be heat stroke and dehydration.^[83][84] However, other medical conditions emerged and Byrd was described as "seriously ill."^[85] Robert Byrd died at approximately 3 a.m. EDT the next day at age 92.^[86]

In a statement after Byrd died, Vice President Joe Biden recalled Byrd's standing in the rain with him as Biden buried his daughter when Biden had just been elected to the Senate. He also called Byrd "a tough, compassionate, and outspoken leader and dedicated above all else to making life better for the people of the Mountain State."^[87] President Barack Obama said, "His profound passion for that body and its role and responsibilities was as evident behind closed doors as it was in the stemwinders he peppered with history. He held the deepest respect of members of both parties, and he was generous with his time and advice, something I appreciated greatly as a young senator."^[88] Senator Rockefeller, who had served with Byrd since 1985, said, "I looked up to him, I fought next to him, and I am deeply saddened that he is gone."^[89] Former President Jimmy Carter noted, "He was my closest and most valuable adviser while I served as president. I respected him and attempted in every way to remain in his good graces. He was a giant among legislators, and was courageous in espousing controversial issues."^[90]

Despite Byrd's long periods of ill health, the circumstances surrounding his succession were not immediately clear.^[91] Iniatally, West Virginia Secretary of State Natalie Tennant announced that there would be no special election to fill the Senate vacancy until 2012.^[92] However, after an opinion by West Virginia Attorney General Darrell McGraw that a special election could occur in 2010, the West Virginia Legislature passed a law allowing for an August 2010 special primary election and a November 2, 2010 special general election to fill Byrd's remaining term.^[93][94] In the interim, Governor Joe Manchin appointed former aide and fellow Democrat Carte Goodwin to Byrd's seat. ^[95]

On July 1, 2010 Byrd lay in repose on the Lincoln Catafalque in the Senate chamber of the United States Capitol, becoming the first Senator to do so since his first year in the Senate, 1959. Byrd was then flown to Charleston, West Virginia where he lay in repose in the Lower Rotunda of the West Virginia State Capitol. A funeral was held on July 2, 2010 on the grounds of the State Capitol where Byrd was eulogized by President Barack Obama, Vice President Joe Biden, Governor Joe Manchin, Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid, Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell, Speaker of the House of Representatives Nancy Pelosi, Senator Jay Rockefeller, Congressman Nick Rahall, Victoria Reggie Kennedy, and former President Bill Clinton. After the funeral services in Charleston, Byrd was returned to Arlington, Virginia for funeral services on July 6, 2010 at Memorial Baptist Church.^[96] After the funeral in Arlington, Byrd was buried next to his wife Erma at Columbia Gardens Cemetery in Arlington, although family members have stated that both the senator and Mrs. Byrd will be reinterred somewhere in West Virginia once a site is determined.^[97][98][96]

In popular culture

• Byrd had a prominent role in the 2008 Warner Bros. documentary Body of War. The film chronicles the life of Tomas Young, paralyzed from the chest down after an Iraqi sniper shot him as he was riding in a vehicle in Iraq. Several long clips of Byrd show him passionately arguing against authorizing the use of force in Iraq. Later in the movie, Byrd has a one-on-one interview with Tomas Young in Byrd's Senate office, followed by a shot of Byrd walking beside the wheelchair-bound Young as they leave the Capitol.
• A fictionalized version of Byrd, then the Senate Majority Leader, was a character in the Jeffrey Archer novel Shall We Tell the President?.
• Byrd was an avid fiddle player for most of his life, starting in his teens when he played in various square dance bands. Once he entered politics, he used his fiddling skills to attract attention and win votes. In 1978 when Byrd was Majority Leader, he recorded an album called U.S. Senator Robert Byrd: Mountain Fiddler (County, 1978). Byrd was accompanied by Country Gentlemen Doyle Lawson, James Bailey, and Spider Gilliam. Most of the LP consists of "old-timey" mountain music. Byrd covers "Don't Let Your Sweet Love Die," a Zeke Manners song, and "Will the Circle Be Unbroken". He has performed at the Kennedy Center, on the Grand Ole Opry and on Hee Haw. He stopped playing the fiddle in 1982 at a time when the symptoms of a benign essential tremor had begun to affect the use of his hands.^[99] Prior to that, he would occasionally take a break from Senate business to entertain audiences with his fiddle.
• Byrd also appeared in the Civil War movie Gods and Generals in 2003 along with former Virginia senator George Allen. Both played Confederate States officers.^[100]
• The Creekdippers album Political Manifest features a song entitled 'Senator Byrd Speech' in honor of Senator Robert C. Byrd.

Published writing

• 1989. The Senate, 1789–1989, Vol. 1: Addresses on the History of the United States Senate. ISBN 0-16-006391-4
• 1991. The Senate, 1789–1989, Vol. 2: Addresses on the History of the United States Senate. ISBN 0-16-006405-8
• 1993. The Senate, 1789–1989: Historical Statistics, 1789–1992, Vol. 4. ISBN 0-16-063256-0
• 1995. The Senate, 1789–1989: Classic Speeches, 1830–1993, Vol. 3. ISBN 0-16-063257-9
• 1995. Senate of the Roman Republic: Addresses on the History of Roman Constitutionalism. ISBN 0-16-058996-7
• 2004. Losing America: Confronting A Reckless and Arrogant Presidency. ISBN 0-393-05942-1
• 2004. We Stand Passively Mute: Senator Robert C. Byrd's Iraq Speeches. ISBN 0-9755749-0-6
• 2005. Robert C. Byrd: Child of the Appalachian Coalfields. ISBN 1-933202-00-9
• 2008. Letter to a New President: Commonsense Lessons for our Next Leader. ISBN 0-312-38302-9

References

External links

• Senator Robert C. Byrd Official U.S. Senate Website

• Biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
• Voting record maintained by The Washington Post
• Biography, voting record, and interest group ratings at Project Vote Smart
• Congressional profile at GovTrack.us
• Issue positions and quotes at On The Issues
• Current Bills Sponsored at StateSurge.com
• Financial information at OpenSecrets.org
• Staff salaries, trips and personal finance at LegiStorm.com
• Campaign finance reports and data at the Federal Election Commission
• Collected news and commentary at The New York Times
• Profile at SourceWatch Congresspedia
• Robert C. Byrd Honors Scholarship Program
• Booknotes interview with Byrd on The Senate: 1789-1989, June 18, 1989.
• Byrd gives a speech at Marshall University
• Sen. Byrd Remembered for "Principle and Honor" - video by Democracy Now!
• Robert Byrd at Findagrave

Articles

• If This Is the Senate's Soul ... Michael Grunwald, The Washington Post, June 18, 2006
• A Senator's Shame Eric Pianin, The Washington Post, June 19, 2005
• The United States Senate designates Robert Byrd as President Pro Tempore Emeritus of the United States Senate The Library of Congress THOMAS, January 15, 2003

See also

• List of places named after Robert Byrd

Robert C. Byrd November 20, 1917 – June 28, 2010 Electoral history 1982 Senate · 1988 Senate · 1994 Senate · 2000 Senate · 2006 Senate Books The Senate, 1789–1989 series · Senate of the Roman Republic: Addresses on the History of Roman Constitutionalism · Losing America: Confronting A Reckless and Arrogant Presidency · We Stand Passively Mute: Senator Robert C. Byrd's Iraq Speeches · Robert C. Byrd: Child of the Appalachian Coalfields · Letter to a New President: Commonsense Lessons for our Next Leader Related articles Reaction to the death of Robert Byrd · List of places named after Robert Byrd · Robert C. Byrd Honors Scholarship Program

Presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate Langdon • Lee • Langdon • Izard • H Tazewell • Livermore • Bingham • Bradford • Read • Sedgwick • Laurance • Ross • Livermore • Tracy • Howard • Hillhouse • Baldwin • Bradley • Brown • Franklin • Anderson • Smith • Bradley • Milledge • Gregg • Gaillard • Pope • Crawford • Varnum • Gaillard • Barbour • Gaillard • Macon • Smith • L Tazewell • White • Poindexter • Tyler • W R King • Southard • Mangum • Sevier • Atchison • W R King • Atchison • Cass • Bright • Stuart • Bright • Mason • Rusk • Fitzpatrick • Bright • Fitzpatrick • Foot • Clark • Foster • Wade • Anthony • Carpenter • Anthony • Ferry • Thurman • Bayard • Davis • Edmunds • Sherman • Ingalls • Manderson • Harris • Ransom • Harris • Frye • (Special: Bacon • Curtis • Gallinger • Brandegee • Lodge) • Clarke • Saulsbury • Cummins • Moses • Pittman • W H King • Harrison • Glass • McKellar • Vandenberg • McKellar • Bridges • George • Hayden • Russell • Ellender • Eastland • Magnuson • Young • Magnuson • Thurmond • Stennis • Byrd • Thurmond • Byrd • Thurmond • Byrd • Stevens • Byrd • Inouye

United States Senators from West Virginia Class 1 Van Winkle • Boreman • Caperton • Price • Hereford • Camden • Faulkner • Scott • Chilton • Sutherland • Neely • Hatfield • Holt • Kilgore • Laird • Revercomb • Byrd • Goodwin • Manchin Class 2 Willey • Davis • Kenna • Camden • S. Elkins • D. Elkins • Watson • N. Goff • D. Elkins • G. Goff • Neely • Rosier • Shott • Revercomb • Neely • Hoblitzell • Randolph • Rockefeller

United States Senate Majority Leaders Lodge • Curtis • Watson • Robinson • Barkley • White • Lucas • McFarland • Taft • Knowland • Johnson • Mansfield • Byrd • Baker • Dole • Byrd • Mitchell • Dole • Lott • Daschle • Lott • Daschle • Frist • Reid

United States Senate Minority Leaders Underwood • Robinson • McNary • Austin • McNary • White • Barkley • Wherry • Bridges • Johnson • Knowland • Dirksen • Scott • Baker • Byrd • Dole • Daschle • Lott • Daschle • Lott • Frist • Daschle • Reid • McConnell

Democratic Party Leaders in the United States Senate Underwood • Robinson • Barkley • Lucas • McFarland • Johnson • Mansfield • Byrd • Mitchell • Daschle • Reid

United States Senate Majority Whips Lewis • Curtis • Jones • Fess • Lewis • Minton • Hill • Wherry • Myers • Johnson • Saltonstall • Clements • Mansfield • Humphrey • Long • Kennedy • Byrd • Cranston • Stevens • Simpson • Cranston • Ford • Lott • Nickles • Reid • Nickles • Reid • McConnell • Durbin

Deans of the United States Senate Gunn/Langdon • Foster • Brown • Hillhouse • Anderson • Gaillard • Ruggles • King • Benton • Mangum • Pearce • Bayard/Foot • Foot • Wade • Sumner • Chandler • Anthony • Edmunds • Morrill • Allison • Hale • Frye • Cullom • Gallinger • Lodge • Warren • Simmons • Smoot • Borah • Smith • McKellar • George • Hayden • Russell • Ellender • Aiken • Eastland/McClellan • Eastland • Magnuson • Stennis • Thurmond • Byrd • Inouye